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Archimedes Principle
Archimedes’ principle states that “The upward buoyant force that is exerted on a body immersed in a fluid, whether partially or fully submerged, is equal to the weight of the fluid that the body displaces and acts in the upward direction at the center of mass of the displaced fluid”.
The value of thrust force is given by the Archimedes law which Archimedes of Syracuse of Greece discovered. When an object is partially or fully immersed in a liquid, the apparent loss of weight is equal to the weight of the liquid displaced by it.
Gay Lussac's Law
When the temperature of a sample of gas in a rigid container is increased, the pressure of the gas increases as well. The increase in kinetic energy results in the molecules of gas striking the walls of the container with more force, resulting in a greater pressure.
The French chemist Joseph Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) discovered the relationship between the pressure of a gas and its absolute temperature. Gay-Lussac's Law states that the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas, when the volume is kept constant. Gay-Lussac's Law is very similar to Charles's Law, with the only difference being the type of container. Whereas the container in a Charles's Law experiment is flexible, it is rigid in a Gay-Lussac's Law experiment.
Pressure in a Liquid
Pascal's law says that pressure applied to an enclosed fluid will be transmitted without a change in magnitude to every point of the fluid and to the walls of the container.
The experiment demonstrates the concept of pressure in a liquid using a candle which is submerged, as the candle which is covered by a glass container submerged in a liquid burns the pressure exerted by the liquid on the candle increases. This increased pressure affects the supply of oxygen to the flame, the candle dims and goes out. Just before the candle dies, the water level rises to almost 1/10 th of pitcher height.
Soil Erosion
Erosion occurs more slowly in soil with living plants and detritus. Living plants slow water flow, allowing rain to soak in. The leaves on the plant soften raindrop impact on the ground, and the root network holds the soil together.
Detritus, like dead leaves, protects the soil. It cushions raindrops and, when layered, compacts soil, making it resistant to runoff erosion. In contrast, loose soil, the impact of raindrops is harsh and helps to loosen the soil which then flows along with the water due to the least resistance, this is common in deforested areas.
